India and Pakistan

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https://bulletprofitsmartlink.com/smart-link/120333/4 Writer-  Shivanshu yadav                  India and Pakistan - The Partition of India into two nations-India and Pakistan in 1947 led to a series of land, water and border disputes. Both the countries also accused other of not protecting the interest of minorities The accession of the Princely States of Kashmir by India was not at all acceptable to Pakistan and since then, Kashmir has remained a subject of dispute between the two countries. India has fought three major wars  with Pakistan over  the Kashmir issue, the recent being the Kargil war of 1999.  Kargil war-                 India has always followed a policy of mutual and friendly dialogues between the two nations to solve their issues. The Agra Summit of July 2001 was an attempt in this direction. Prior to this, the Simla Agreement of 1972 was signed between the ...
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The Mughal Empire

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 Hello Everyone, Today I am going to tell you about the Mughal Empire .

       The Mughal Empire

        


Who were Mughals?

The Mughal were the decentdents of two great dynasties.

1.from father side- They were the success-                                        or of Amir Timur.


2.From mother side- They were the descen-                                        dents of Genghis Khan.
         
             

 Ruler's of Mughal Empire 

1. BABUR (AD 1526-1530)
         

     Babar full name was Zahir - ud- Din             Muhammad babur . Babur ascended the throne of farghana in AD 1494 When his father died accidently. He succeeded his father at the age of 12 years. Babur Invaded India 5 times . In fifth expedition, he defeated Ibrahim Lodi in AD 1526.
Babur was not only a brilliant military general but also a poet and writer with an excellent style in Turkish. He wrote his autobiography , Tuzuk-i-Babri or Babur Nama in his mother tongue Turkish.    

2.HUMAYUN (AD 1530-1556)


Babur eldest son Humayun became the king after his death. Humayun succeeded in conquering the provinces of Gujrat and Malwa. But, he was defeated by sher Shah shuri at Chausa in AD 1539 and Kanauj in AD in 1540. Sher Shah's successor were weak and inefficient. Humayun swa this opportunity to regain the throne of Delhi. 
In Iran , Humayun recieved help from the safavid king of Persia (Iran). In Ad he recaptured Delhi and Agra. But the very next year, he died as a result of falling from the stairs of his library.

3. AKBAR (AD 1556-1605)

         

After the death of Humayun his son Akbar ascended the throne at the age of 13 year Bairam Khan was appointed the regent of the young king . During this time , his position in Indian was not strong . In AD 1556, the second battle of Panipat was fought between Afghan ruler , Hemu vikramaditya and Bairam Khan. Akbar adopted many policy of matrimonial alliance with the rajputs . He conquered various states like jaunpur, Gwalior, Ajmer,Malwa, Kashmir, Sind, Orissa and Bangal. He died in 1605.

4. JAHANGHIR ( AD 1605-1627)

              



Akbar was succeeded by his son, Jahangir. His childhood name was Salim. Military campaigns started by Akbar were continued by jahanghir. He conquered Kangar and Mewar and thus, fulfilled the Akbar's unrealised imperial dreams. But, the area of Qandahar in Afghanistan was lost to the Persians. Jahanghir was fairly successful as a ruler .He was a great lover of justice. He died in AD 1627.

4. SHAH JAHAN ( AD 1627-1658 ) 

             

Prince Khurram was crowned as the emperor, Shah Jahan in AD 1627 . The first thing he had to face was a revolts in Bundelkhand and the Deccan . He conquered Bundelkhand without much trouble . There were three important States in the Deccan. Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda. Shah died in AD 1666. Shah Jahan's reign is remembered for his architectural activities, the peacock throne and the koh-i-noot diamond. He is known as the Enginner king for his excellent architectural activities. He built the world famous TaJ Mahal and Moti masjid at Agra and the Red Fort and Jama masjid in delhi.

 2. AURANGZEB ( AD 1658-1707)
              
              

    Aurangzeb ascended the throne in AD 1658 after a bloody war of succession .
During his reign , the Mughal Empire  expanded and became the largest single state Indian had ever known. Aurangzeb hole reign of about 50 years was devoted to ceaseless wars in different parts of India . Bijapur was annexed in AD 1658 and Goloconda in AD 1687. He died in AD 
1707. His successor were weak, inefficient and pleasure - loving. This led to the break of the empire and the advent of the Britishers who ruled Indian for nearly 200
Years.

Causes of The decline of The Mughal Empire 

1. Aurangzeb's Intelorent Policies
2. Long Wars in the Deccan 
3.  Weak successor of Aurangzeb
4. Competition Amongst Nobles
5. Revolts by peasants
5. Invasion by Nadir Shah 
6. Invasion by Ahmad Shah Abdali 

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